Citations

1. 1.Official Records 1, vol. 46 [pt. II], 1267-1276.
   

2. 2.Joseph Glatthaar, General Lee’s Army: From Victory to Collapse (New York: Free Press, 2008), 468.
   

3. 3.Eighth Census of the United States, 595.
   

4. 4.Hyman Rubin, South Carolina Scalawags (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2006), 51.
   

5. 5.Francis Simpkins and Robert Woody, South Carolina During Reconstruction (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1932), 452.
   

6. 6.Letter from Crews to Hubbard, 8 July 1870, quoted in Simpkins and Woody, 453, n. 46.
   

7. 7.Testimony of William D. Simpson, Testimony Taken by the Joint Select Committee to Inquire into the Condition of Affairs in the Late Insurrectionary States (hereafter Ku Klux Conspiracy) (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1872), 1308.
   

8. 8.Ku Klux Conspiracy, 330-349; 1307.
   

9. 9.Allen W. Trelease, White Terror: The Ku Klux Klan Conspiracy and Southern Reconstruction (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1971), 355-356.
   

10. 10. Joel Williamson, After Slavery: The Negro in South Carolina During Reconstruction, 1861-1877 (New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1965), 258-266; Richard Zuczek, State of Rebellion: Reconstruction in South Carolina (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1996), 55-61.
    

11. 11. Simpkins and Woody, Reconstruction in South Carolina, 485-486.
    

12. 12. New York Times, 27 January 1875.
    

13. 13. New York Times, 22 March 1875.
    

14. 14. Simpkins and Woody, Reconstruction in South Carolina, 486.
    

15. 15. Brian Kelly, “Black Workers, the Republican Party, and the Crisis of Reconstruction in Lowcountry South Carolina,” International Review of Social History 51, Vol. 3 (2006). For another discussion of the strikes see Eric Foner, “The Emancipated Worker,” in Nothing But Freedom: Emancipation and Its Legacy (Baton Rouge: LSU Press, 1983).
    

16. 16. See Suzanne Cameron Linder, Historical Atlas of the Rice Plantations of the ACE River Basin – 1860 (Columbia: South Carolina Department of Archives and History, 1995), 159-160.
    

17. 17. Melinda Meeks Hennessy, “Racial Violence During Reconstruction: The 1876 Riots in Charleston and Cainhoy,” South Carolina Historical Magazine (April 1985), 104-106.
    

18. 18. Charleston News and Courier quoted in New York Times, 8 September 1876, p. 5.
    

19. 19. Mark M. Smith, “ ‘All Is Not Quiet in Our Hellish County’: Facts, Fiction, Politics, and Race - The Ellenton Riot of 1876,” South Carolina Historical Magazine (April 1994), 142-155.
    

20. 20. New York Times, 26 September 1876, p. 1 and Smith, “ ‘All Is Not Quiet.’ “
    

21. 21. Smith, “ ‘All Is Not Quiet.’ “
    

22. 22. New York Times, 26 September 1876.
    

23. 23. Thomas quoted in Smith, “ ‘All Is Not Quiet.’ “
    

24. 24. New York Times, 26 September 1876.
    

25. 25. Thomas quoted in Smith, “ ‘All Is Not Quiet.’ “
    

26. 26. Martin W. Gary, “Plan of the Campaign of 1876”